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Net User and Net Group
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The net user and group commands are very powerful tools for managing local and domain users and groups.

In this post, I will show you how to use the net user command locally and on a domain to create a user account, reset a user account password, and view general info about a user account. I will also show you how to use the net group and net localgroup commands to manage local groups and domain groups, and how to view group members.

Net User

Create User Account

  • Open CMD as admin or as an account that can create a domain user account.

New Local User

  • Enter the following command to create a new local user account and replace USERNAME_HERE and PASSWORD_HERE with the username and password you would like to use net user USERNAME_HERE PASSWORD_HERE /add

For example, if I want to make a new local account named NewUser with a password of NewP@ssword1, the command will be net user NewUser NewP@ssword1 /add

New Domain User

  • Enter the following command to create a new domain user account and replace USERNAME_HERE and PASSWORD_HERE with the username and password you would like to use net user USERNAME_HERE PASSWORD_HERE /add /domain

For example, if I want to make a new domain user account named NewUser1 with a password of NewP@ssword1, the command will be net user NewUser1 NewP@ssword1 /add /domain

Change User Password

  • Open CMD as admin or as an account that can change a domain user password.

Change Local User Password

  • Enter the following command to change a local user account’s password and replace USERNAME_HERE and PASSWORD_HERE with the username and password you would like to use net user USERNAME_HERE PASSWORD_HERE

For example, if I want to change the password of the local account named NewUser to the password of NewP@ssword2, the command will be net user NewUser NewP@ssword2

Change Domain User Password

  • Enter the following command to change a domain user account’s password and replace USERNAME_HERE and PASSWORD_HERE with the username and password you would like to use net user USERNAME_HERE PASSWORD_HERE /domain

For example, if I want to change the password of a domain account named NewUser1 to the password of NewP@ssword2, the command will be net user NewUser1 NewP@ssword2 /domain

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Shlink with Docker and Cloudflare Tunnel
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I write a lot of PowerShell scripts for application installations, and many download the install files from a URL. Because the URL is hardcoded in the scripts, if the URL changes, I need to update all the scripts. This exact issue happened to me a few years ago, and my solution at the time was to write a Python script to update the PowerShell scripts. You can read about that solution in my blog post, Script to make Scripts.

However, if my scripts had used a URL shortener instead, I could’ve edited the short URL to resolve the issue. The problem with most URL shorteners is that you can make short URLs all day long, but you can’t edit them, and if they let you edit them, it’s a paid feature, and they also start limiting how many hits your short URL can get. I am not a fan of any of that.

Fortunately, a URL shortener named Shlink exists. Shlink is a self-hosted open-source URL shortener. With Shlink, you can do whatever you want with your short URL, including editing them.

Once I got Shlink set up, I re-wrote my PowerShell scripts to use my Shlink short URLs. Now, if an install URL changes, I can edit the Shlink short URL, and I don’t need to update my PowerShell scripts.

In this post, I will show you step-by-step how to set up Shlink with Docker and Cloudflare Tunnels.

The Shlink setup will use a Cloudflare tunnel for external access and a MariaDB database for the Shlink database. I selected MariaDB as I am more familiar with it. However, Shlink does support other databases. We will also use the Shlink web client as a UI to easily manage the short links.

Prerequisites

  • Domain for the short links.
  • DNS for the domain hosted in Cloudflare.
  • Docker host.

The Process

  • Make a folder to store your docker configurations for Shlink.

I’ll call mine shlink.

.env Setup

  • Copy the sample.env file as a new .env file.
  • You will need to define the variables in the .env file.
  • The variables are:
    • CONTAINER_NAME is the name of your Shlink stack. There will be 4 containers spawned.
      • The one with _app appended to it is the Shlink application image that runs all of Shlink.
      • The one with _db appended to it is the MariaDB image for Shlink to store all the configurations.
      • The one with _web_client append to it is the Shlink web client image that gives you a nice UI to manage your short URLs.
      • The one with _cf appended to it is the Cloudflare tunnel image for the Shlink application.
    • DB_NAME is the name of the MariaDB database that Shlink will use.
    • DB_ROOT_PWD is the MariaDB root password.
    • DB_USER is the database user that Shlink will use.
    • DB_USER_PWD is the password for the database user that Shlink will use.
    • SHORT_DOMAIN is the domain you will be using for your short URLs. (only include the FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name))
    • REDIRECT_DOMAIN is where invalid short links, direct visits to the short domain, or 404 pages will be sent. (this needs to start with https://)
    • APP_PORT is the port that the Shlink application will run on and the port you will use with the Cloudflare tunnel.
    • ADMIN_API is the initial API key that will be used to configure your Shlink and will be preloaded to the Shlink Web Client.
    • WEB_CLIENT_PORT is the port the Shlink web client will use.
    • CF_TUNNEL_B64 is the Base64 of your Cloudflare tunnel for Shlink.

For example, I will use the domain dxt.zip as the primary domain for Shlink. I will be redirecting all non-short URL traffic to my blog, thedxt.ca. I will use port 8788 for the Shlink application and port 8787 for the Shlink web client to manage Shlink.

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Windows Server 2025 Changes
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Microsoft Windows Server 2025 has just reached general availability. I decided to install it and see what’s changed compared to Windows Server 2022.

Right off the bat, the installer loading screen is slightly different.

Windows Server installer loading

With Windows Server 2025, there are two setups the new setup UI, which is the default, and the previous setup UI, which I will call the old setup UI, as it is very much like the Windows setup UI we are all used to.

In this post, I will compare the install screens from Windows Server 2022 with the Windows Server 2025 new setup UI and the Windows Server 2025 old setup UI to see what’s different, along with the initial changes I noticed once Windows Server 2025 was installed.

With the Windows Server 2022 setup UI, the first screen is the language, time format, and keyboard selection. In the Windows Server 2025 new setup UI, the whole screen has been redesigned, and the language selection is its own screen, followed by the keyboard settings. Using Windows Server 2025 with the old setup UI is essentially the same as the Windows Server 2022 setup UI.

Windows Server initial settings screen

The next screen is the install or repair screen. With the new setup UI on Windows Server 2025, the repair option is much more prominently featured, along with a new required option to select I agree everything will be deleted including files, apps, and settings. This screen also allows you to switch back to the old setup UI.

Windows Server install screen.
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Active Directory Based Activation
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There are many ways to activate Windows, and a really cool way to activate Windows is with Active Directory-Based Activation.

Active Directory-Based Activation (ADBA) was first introduced in Windows Server 2012 and is only usable if your Microsoft Volume licensing has a KMS host key. If you don’t have a KMS key, you may need to request one from Microsoft.

ADBA works very similarly to KMS (Key Management Services), except it doesn’t have the dependency of 25 activations before it becomes active and doesn’t need DNS or SRV records to work. The systems just need to talk to your domain, and because your domain is highly available, so is ADBA.

Systems that are activated with ADBA remain activated while communicating with the domain. However, if systems cannot communicate with the domain, they will remain activated for 180 days. If a system cannot communicate with the domain for more than 180 days, Windows will deactivate, but it will reactivate once it can communicate with the domain again.

In this post, I will show you step-by-step how to install, configure, and test Active Directory Based Activation.

Prerequisites

  • An account that is a member of Enterprise Admins and Domain Admins.
  • Active Directory schema version 56 (Windows Server 2012) or higher.

If you need to learn how to check your schema version, my blog post, Active Directory Schema, covers how.

Adding Volume Activation Services Role

GUI

  • Launch the Add Roles and Features Wizard and click Next.
  • For the installation type, select Role-base or feature-based installation and click Next.
  • Select the server you want to install the role to and click Next.
  • Select Volume Activation Services.
  • Click on Add Features to add the required features.
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SolarWinds Kiwi CatTools Upgrade
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If you haven’t heard of SolarWinds Kiwi CatTools, it is a great tool for network automation. I primarily use it to back up network configurations.

Before 2009, Kiwi CatTools (KCT) was developed by Kiwi Enterprises. In 2009, SolarWinds acquired Kiwi Enterprises. SolarWinds continues to develop KCT.

The upgrade process can feel a bit scary if you’ve never upgraded Kiwi CatTools. In this post, I will show you step-by-step how to upgrade SolarWinds Kiwi CatTools.

The Process

First, we should review the release notes to see if there are any changes we need to be aware of. You can view the release notes for Kiwi CatTools here.

Before we begin the upgrade, we should take a backup. A database backup is crucial as sometimes the database is not backward compatible.

Backup

  • Open CatTools
  • Click on File > Database > Backup current database
  • Enter an encryption password for the backup and click ok.
  • Click ok to confirm that the database backup has been completed.
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I Went to EUC World Independence
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EUC World Independence is a two-day EUC (End User Computing) conference from October 22nd to October 23rd in Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. This was the world premier of the EUC World conference, and I was able to attend it.

World of EUC hosted EUC World Independence. If you haven’t heard of World of EUC, it is an independent organization that was formed to bridge the gap between all the vendors and technology and community programs in the EUC space. They aim to be a one-stop shop to connect everything and remain independent from all vendors, as there are a lot of vendors in the EUC space.

In this post, I will detail my experience at EUC World 2024.

Getting to Silver Spring

Getting to Silver Spring, Maryland, USA, is a bit challenging when travelling from Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The original plan was a flight from Calgary to Montreal, Quebec, Canada and then a 90-minute layover to a connecting flight from Montreal to Washington, DC, USA.

The morning began with a notification from the airline saying that the flight from Calgary to Montreal was delayed by 2 hours. This presented a problem as the connection flight would be missed, I wouldn’t get to the event until the next day, and I would miss a large chunk of the first day of the event.

Fortunately, I was travelling with my friend Stephen Wagner (who also has a blog), an expert at dealing with airline chaos. He got the airline to transfer things around, and now we’d be flying from Calgary to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, then Toronto to Washington.

We made it to the first flight

On the flight, I got free food. I had never eaten on a plane before, and it was pretty good. I wonder why comedians always make fun of airplane food. I ordered the butter chicken option.

Butter chicken airplane food.

By the time we reached the hotel, it was 11:30 pm Maryland time.

Day 1

The first day of the conference started with complimentary breakfast, registration, and then the EUC World conference started.

On my way to the event, I ran into Holly Lehman, one of the people who runs the Omnissa Tech Insider program that I am a part of.

The first day of EUC World took place at the AFI Silver Theatre.

The AFI Silver Theatre

I got registered and picked up my badge.

My EUC World badge

It was neat that the day one took place at a theatre. I thought a theatre was an odd place to host a conference, but when you think about it, it makes sense as every room has many seats and projectors. The only thing you need to bring is the presentation. I suspect that helps simplify a lot.

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Palo Alto User-ID and Terminal Server Agent Certificates
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On November 18th, 2024, the certificates that the Palo Alto User-ID agent and the Palo Alto Terminal Server agent use to communicate with a Palo Alto firewall will expire, causing all communication to fail.

Palo Alto Networks has made new versions of the User-ID and TS agents with updated certificates that will expire on January 1st, 2032.

Before upgrading the User-ID or TS agent, you must upgrade your Palo Alto firewall to a version that supports the updated User-ID and TS agent certificate. Check the Palo Alto advisory here to determine which PAN-OS version you need.

If you want to know how to upgrade a Palo Alto firewall using CLI my blog post Upgrade Palo Alto HA Pair (Active/Passive) with CLI covers the entire process. If you want to upgrade your Palo Alto firewall using the GUI, my blog post, Upgrade Palo Alto Firewall HA Pair (Active/Passive), covers the entire process.

Once you’ve upgraded your Palo Alto firewall, you can upgrade the User-ID and TS agents to the new version.

My blog post, Palo Alto User-ID Agent Upgrade, details the entire upgrade process for the User-ID agent. My blog post, Palo Alto Terminal Server Agent Upgrade, details the upgrade process for the Terminal Server agent.

After I upgraded my User-ID and TS agents, I wanted to validate that everything was using the new certificates before the expiry deadline. I couldn’t find a straightforward way to check. However, I figured out a way.

In this post, I will detail step-by-step how to check the certificates that the Palo Alto User-ID agent and the Palo Alto Terminal Server agent use to communicate with PAN-OS.

The Process

  • Connect to the system that has the Palo Alto User-ID or TS agent installed and browse to the installation directory.

User-ID is typically installed to C:\Program Files (x86)\Palo Alto Networks\User-ID Agent

TS Agent is typically installed to C:\Program Files\Palo Alto Networks\Terminal Server Agent

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Active Directory Recycle Bin
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If you accidentally delete something in Active Directory, it can be difficult to undo. Fortunately, you can enable a recycle bin for Active Directory, making life much easier if you need to restore something.

The Active Directory Recycle Bin (sometimes called ADRB) was first introduced in Windows Server 2008 R2. You need to enable it to take advantage of it. You can never turn it off once you enable the Active Directory Recycle Bin.

Once the Active Directory Recycle Bin is enabled, when you delete an object out of Active Directory, the object is not instantly deleted. It is placed in the Active Directory Recycle Bin for some time. After some time has passed, the object is actually permanently deleted. The default retention for the recycle bin is 180 days.

In this post, I will show you step-by-step how to check the Active Directory Recycle Bin status using the GUI or PowerShell, how to enable the Active Directory Recycle Bin with the GUI or PowerShell and how to check the Active Directory Recycle Bin retention using the GUI or PowerShell.

Prerequisites

  • Active Directory Forest Functional Level at Windows 2008 R2 or higher
  • Active Directory Domain Functional Level at Windows 2008 R2 or higher
  • Domain Admin account

Checking Active Directory Recycle Bin Status

Before enabling the Active Directory Recycle Bin, it’s a good idea to check if it’s already enabled.

GUI Way

  • Open the Active Directory Administrative Center (aka dsac)
  • In the top right, click on Manage > Add Navigation Nodes…
  • Select your domain, click on the arrows to add it, then click ok.
  • Click on the domain.
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Palo Alto Terminal Server Agent Upgrade
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Palo Alto Networks makes a program named Terminal Server Agent, aka the TS Agent. It is similar to the User-ID agent. However, the TS Agent is built to identify users on a multi-user system.

In this post, I will show you step-by-step how to upgrade the Palo Alto Networks Terminal Server agent.

Prerequisites

  • Verify that the new Terminal Server agent version is compatible with your PAN-OS.

The TS Agent is typically compatible with the same release number along with earlier still-supported PAN-OS versions. For example, TS agent 11.0 works with PAN-OS 11.0 and earlier. You can confirm this by reading the OS Compatibility section in the release notes.

The Process

  • Log in to the Palo Alto Networks Customer Support Portal.
  • Click on Updates.
  • Click on Software Updates.
  • Select the Terminal Services Agent.
  • Click on the version you need to start the download.
  • Connect to the system that is running the Palo Alto TS Agent.
  • Open Services.
  • Stop the PAN Terminal Server Agent service.
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Microsoft 365 Passkey Setup
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Microsoft 365 supports hardware security keys with passkeys. Passkeys are sometimes called FIDO2. Passkeys are one of many ways you can secure your accounts.

In this post, I will show you step-by-step how to set up a passkey in Microsoft 365, including configuring a passkey with a break glass emergency access account.

Prerequisites

  • Hardware security key that is FIDO2 compliant. (A common one is YubiKey 5)
  • Microsoft Entra ID Authentication Method for Passkey (FIDO2) and Temporary Access Pass enabled.

The Process

  • Login to Microsoft 365.
  • Click on your account in the top right and click on View account.
  • Click on Security info.
  • Click on Add sign-in method.
  • Select Security key and click Add.
  • Select the type of security key you have.

In this example, I will use a USB device.

  • Plug your security key into your computer and click Next.
  • On the new window select the Security key option to save the passkey to the security key and click Next.
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