Linux

Install Debian 12 Bookworm

Install Debian 12 Bookworm

Debian is a solid Linux distribution I’ve been using for a while. It is my default Linux OS of choice. Many popular Linux distros are actually based on Debian, such as Ubuntu, Proxmox, Kali Linux, TrueNAS SCALE, SONiC, Raspberry Pi OS, SteamOS and many more.

In this post, I will show you step-by-step how to install Debian 12, aka Bookworm.

The Process

  • Download the Debian ISO from Debian.org (I tend to use the small installation image, aka netinst, as it has everything I need out of the box, and anything else I can download as needed)

When you boot up the Debian installation media, you are presented with the option of a graphical version of the installation or a text-only version. It doesn’t matter which option you select. The end result is the same.

  • Select if you want to use the graphical (aka GTK) or text-based install (aka newt).

I tend to use the text-based installation more as I can complete it slightly faster.

  • Select your language.

The language you select will be used for the installation process and will be the default language for the Debian install.

I will select English.

  • Select your location.

I will select Canada.

  • Select the keyboard layout you use.

I will select American English.

  • Enter the hostname for the Debian system.

I will use the hostnames DXT-DEB01 and DXT-DEB02

  • Enter the domain name if the Debian system is on a domain network. If not, just leave it blank.
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Convert PEM to PFX Certificate

Convert PEM to PFX Certificate

Sometimes, you have a certificate in PEM format as a CRT file (also called a CER file) with a key file (also called a PEM file), and you need to combine and convert them into a PFX certificate.

In this post, I will show you step-by-step how to convert a PEM certificate into a PFX file.

Prerequisites

  • OpenSSL binary installed. You can find the OpenSSL binaries on the OpenSSL wiki.
  • Private key file
  • SSL Certificate

The Process

  • Place everything in a working directory.

I will be using C:\SSL as my working directory.

  • Open the command line. You can use Linux or Windows. The commands are all the same regardless of which OS you are using.

I will be using Microsoft Windows with Windows Terminal and PowerShell.

To convert the certificate using OpenSSL, we will need to use a few options to create our command.

  • The options we will use are
    • pkcs12 to tell OpenSSL that we will be working with a PKCS#12 file. PKCS#12 is another name for a PFX file.
    • inkey to tell OpenSSL which private key to use.
    • in to tell OpenSSL which certificate file to use.
    • export to tell OpenSSL we want to export a PKCS#12 file.
    • out to tell OpenSSL where to save the converted certificate.
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Generate CSR with OpenSSL

Generate CSR with OpenSSL

There are many ways to generate a CSR (Certificate Signing Request). In this post, I will show you step-by-step how to generate a CSR using OpenSSL.

Prerequisites

  • OpenSSL binary installed. You can find the OpenSSL binaries on the OpenSSL wiki.

The Process

  • Create a working directory.

I will be using C:\SSL as my working directory.

  • Open command line. You can use Linux or Windows. The commands are all the same regardless of which OS you are using.

I will be using Microsoft Windows with Windows Terminal and PowerShell.

  • We will use the following options to create our OpenSSL command.
    • req to let OpenSSL know that we want to make a CSR.
    • newkey to tell Open SSL that we want a new private key.
    • rsa:2048 to tell Open SSL we want the private key encoded with RSA and 2048 bits.
    • keyout to tell OpenSSL where to save the private key.
    • out to tell OpenSSL where to save the CSR.
  • Using those options, we can create the OpenSSL command to generate a new private key and create the CSR. Replace PATH_TO_KEY and PATH_TO_CSR with the location where you want the private key and CSR saved. openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout PATH_TO_KEY -out PATH_TO_CSR

In my example, I will name my private key private.key, and my CSR will be named csr. The command for me will look like openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout private.key -out csr

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Broken Certificate Chain

Broken Certificate Chain

Certificate chain issues are extremely widespread and more common than you think. You start to see how many websites have broken certificate chains when you start performing SSL inspection on a network.

If you want to read more about certificate chains, my post Certificate Chain goes into more detail.

My website, thedxt.ca, has a server certificate for thedxt.ca, issued by the intermediate CA GTS CA 1P5. The intermediate CA GTS CA 1P5 certificate is issued by the public root CA GTS Root R1.

Correct certificate chain for thedxt.ca

The image above is an example of a correctly formed certificate chain. Each item is issued by the previous one, and because the root CA is trusted, the entire chain is trusted.

In this post, I will go over what can cause a broken certificate chain and how to verify your certificate chain properly.

There are two main types of broken certificate chains. First is the malformed certificate chain or the out of order certificate chain. The second is an incomplete certificate chain.

Malformed Certificate Chain

If my certificate chain for my website, thedxt.ca, was configured in the following order:

  • A server certificate for thedxt.ca.
  • The public root CA GTS Root R1 certificate.
  • The intermediate CA GTS CA 1P5 certificate.

This order would cause a broken certificate chain as the certificate chain would be out of order and considered malformed, which can cause issues.

Out of order certificate chain for thedxt.ca

The image above is an example of a malformed certificate chain, as each item is not issued by the previous one.

Incomplete Certificate Chain

Another common issue that causes broken certificate chains is an incomplete certificate chain. An incomplete certificate chain means a certificate is missing in the certificate chain. Usually, this is when one or more intermediate CA certificates are missing. It’s an issue because the path to the root CA can’t be completed.

Incomplete Certificate Chain for thedxt.ca

The image above is an example of an incomplete certificate chain, as there are no links to follow for the path to the root CA.

The Why

Many people don’t realize they have a broken certificate chain, as most things will just work even when the certificate chain is broken. Web browsers try to fix broken certificate chains for websites so users don’t run into issues.

A very common practice for checking if your SSL/TLS certificate is working on a public-facing item is to use a web browser to browse to the item and see if you get any certificate issues. Because web browsers auto-fix broken certificate chains, you end up with a false sense that everything is working correctly.

If you can’t trust a web browser to check if your certificate chain is correct, how do you check it?

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Convert PFX Certificate

Convert PFX Certificate

While having your SSL/TLS certificate in a PFX file is great, as most applications support the PFX file, there are still some cases where a PFX file is not supported, and you need the certificate in the PEM format as a CRT file (also called a CER file) with a key file (also called a PEM file).

In this post, I will show you step-by-step how to convert a PFX file into a single file or individual files with and without passwords each method supports the PEM format.

Prerequisites

  • OpenSSL binary installed. You can find the OpenSSL binaries on the OpenSSL wiki.
  • Exported certificate as a PFX file. If you need to learn how my post on Exporting a Certificate with MMC details all the steps.
  • Password for the PFX file.

The Process

  • Place your PFX file in a working directory. I will be using C:\SSL as my working directory.
  • Open command line. You can use Linux or Windows. The commands are all the same regardless of which OS you are using. I will be using Microsoft Windows with Windows Terminal and PowerShell.

Depending on your needs, you may need to convert your PFX file in several different ways. Here are the methods that I will cover.

All of the commands below will use the following options.

  • pkcs12 tells OpenSSL that the file it is being fed is a PKCS#12 file. PKCS#12 is another name for a PFX file.
  • in tells OpenSSL where the source file is.
  • out tells OpenSSL where to store the converted file.
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